Tuberculosis
Adam Guttentag M.D.
10/03
History
“White plague”,  “Consumption”
Tuberculous changes in mummy spines
460 BC - Hippocrates describes “phthisis” as most commondeadly disease.
1720 - infectious nature of disease described
1859 - sanatorium therapy
1882 - tubercle bacillus identified by Koch
1894 - artificial ptx- earliest plombage therapy
History
At the beginning of the 20th century
Leading cause of death of adults in US
1 of 7 deaths in US and Europe
1921 - BCG vaccine introduced
Attenuated form of M. bovis
Antibiotics
1944 - streptomycin
1949 - p-amino salicylic acid
1952 - isoniazid
1962 - ethambutol
1963 - rifampin
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TB therapy c. 1940
Tuberculosis Worldwide
2 billion people infected
2 million deaths / year
95% of cases in developing countries
Highest incidence in Asia (40% of cases)
SE Asia: 237/100K
Subsaharan Africa: 191/100K
US: 5.2/100K (2002)
Incidence increasing in eastern Europe and Africa
HIV, MDR TB worsening problems
MDR incidence 48% in Nepal

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Tuberculosis 2002
Incidence in US per 100,000 population
Tuberculosis 2002
Significant decline among all racial groups
Tuberculosis in PA
Overall rate 2.8/100K,  1/2 of US rate
Philadelphia 9.5/100K (41% of PA cases)
44% foreign born, similar to US rate
9.4% INH resistant
2.3% multidrug resistant
Racial rates similar to US except:
Asians 37.2/100K
AEMC ~10 cases/year
TB in Foreign Born Americans
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Tuberculosis 2002
Tuberculosis 2002Sites of Disease
Tuberculosis 2002Extra-pulmonary Locations
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Obligate aerobe
Thick waxy lipid cell wall
High resistance to drying, acid, alkali.
Remains alive for long periods outside or intracellular.
Retains carbol- fuschin stain on acid wash (acidfast)
Also other mycobacteria, Nocardia, Rhodococcus,Corynebacterium sp.
Infection
Droplet nuclei (1-5 microns)
May be suspended in air for hours.
Transmission of infection to 21-23% of closecontacts.
Transmission to a close contact depends on:
Duration of exposure
Local environment
Ventilation
Crowding
Number of organisms expelled into air
Virulence of organisms
Infection
Larger droplets deposited on airway mucosa,expectorated or swallowed.
Smaller droplets deposited in alveoli
Infection develops in lung, and in regional lymphnodes.
Systemic dissemination of bacilli.
Delayed immune response (2-10 weeks)
Cell mediated immunity - mkills bacillus
Delayed hypersensitivity - necrotizing granuloma
PPD conversion
Confers resistance to later infection.
Alveolar
M
Virulence andgeneticsusceptibilityvs. bactericidalactivity of m
Droplet inhaled into alveolus
Pathogenesis
Granulomaformation,Latent infection
CellMediatedImmunity
Regional lymphnodes and beyond
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Primary Infection
Progressive Primary TB
Latent TB Infection
Postprimary TB
Miliary TB
95%
5%
30%
Primary TuberculosisClinical Sx
Children:
Primary infection usually Asx or unrecognized
Of young PPD converters:
~40% had nonspecific fever, cough
>90% clinically well
75% with normal CXR
<10% develop clinically apparent TB
Primary TuberculosisClinical Sx
Adults
>80% with clinical sx at primary infection
Fever (40%)
Cough
Weight loss
Hemoptysis
Children and elderly likely to have atypicalpresentation
Primary InfectionRadiology
Lymphadenopathy
Prevalence decreases with age.
100% in young children.
10% in older adults.
Right paratracheal most common.
Low attenuation center of large LN’s.
May be only abnormality in children (1/3).
Rare to have no adenopathy in children .
Common in severe HIV disease (CD4 <200/mm3).
Primary InfectionRadiology
Parenchymal disease
Usually consolidation
Segmental or lobar
Right side most common, based on granulomalocation
Airway obstruction causing atelectasis or airtrapping more common in children
Smaller airways, less stiff cartilage, more LAD.
Delayed hypersensitivity response causescaseous necrosis and granuloma formation.
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Primary Infection
Healing of primary focus
Ghon focus in lung
Ranke complex - calcifiedlung focus and hilar ormediastinal LN
Dystrophic Ca++ may formin caseous material
Surrounded by fibrosis
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Pleural Effusion
More common in primary infection
Seen 3-6 months following exposure.
29-38% of adults, uncommon in children.
Typically unilateral on side of 10 infection.
Only sign of disease in 5%.
May precede appearance of parenchymal lung disease.
Less common in postprimary disease
Pleural fluid culture (+) in 20-40%
Closed pleural Bx (+) in 65-75%
True empyema--smears and cx usually positive
Empyema necessitans
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Progressive Primary TB
Disease not contained by delayed immunity.
Progressive parenchymal destruction at siteof initial infection.
Appearance similar to postprimary disease.
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AIDS Patient
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Latent TB Infection
+ PPD
Patient asymptomatic
No progressive inflammation and tissue necrosis
Organisms inside caseating granulomas
Organisms remain viable for many years
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Postprimary (Reactivation) TB
Active infection months to yearsafter initial infection.
Formerly great majority of adultcases:
In past, most were infected as children,reactivated as adults.
Now, only about 60% of adult cases inUS.
Postprimary (Reactivation) TB
Risk factors forreactivation:
HIVHIV
Diabetes
Recent infection
Steroids and otherimmunosupressives
Silicosis
Hematologic malignancy
ESRD
Low body weight
Postprimary (Reactivation) TB
Can occur in any organ, most common in lungs.
Upper lobes (apical and posterior segments) in85%.
Superior segments of lower lobes in 12%.
Higher Otension.
Less lymphatic drainage.
Postprimary (Reactivation) TBProgression
POlocally acidic caseous material
 # of organisms
Organisms enterbronchial tree
Spread to other parts oflungs and bronchial tree
Infectivity
Active infection
Cavity formation
Postprimary (Reactivation) TB
Once infection becomes active again:
Form of disease depends on host response vsvirulence of organism.
Outcomes:
Cavity formation with spread of infection
Progressive destruction of lung tissue
“galloping consumption”
Tuberculoma formation
Masslike infection without cavitation
Healing with fibrosis and calcification
Postprimary (Reactivation) TBRadiology
Heterogeneous opacities whichcan coalesce.
Cavitary disease in 45%.
Thick or thin walls
Tuberculoma (up to 4 cm) mayhave Ca++
Non-cavitary focus of disease.
Usually sharply defined.
May be more indolent disease.
Satellite nodules helpful in dx.
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Additional views may help evaluate disease
Postprimary (Reactivation) TBRadiology
Endobronchial spread:
5-10 mm nodules seen in up to20% on CXR
Nodules seen in 95% on HRCT
“Tree in bud”
Clustered small centrilobular nodules
“Jacks” and y-shaped nodules indicateimpacted bronchioles.
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Progressive TB
Progressive destruction of lung tissue
Necrosis and cicatrization
Bronchiectasis
Respiratory insufficiency as more lung is destroyed
Hemoptysis
Bronchiectasis
Rasmussen’s aneurysm
5 year mortality from untreated TB ~50%
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Multidrug resistant TB - India
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TB can mimic cancer
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RUL wedge resection: caseating granulomas and AFB’s
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Asymptomatic 42 yo
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Postprimary (Reactivation) TB
Lymphadenopathy unusual.
5% of cases.
Effusion uncommon.
Up to 18% of cases.
Air indicates bronchopleural fistula.
Rupture of adjacent parenchymal focus.
Often loculated.
May form tuberculous empyema.
Calcified fibrothorax (may have active organisms).
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Miliary TB
Lymphohematogenous spread toentire body.
Occurs during primary infectionor reactivation.
CXR abnormality takes 3-6 weeksto develop.
25-40% with normal CXR.
Diffuse distribution with slightbasilar predominance.
1-4 mm nodules, uniform in size.
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Millet seeds
Miliary TB
Patient usually elderly, chronically ill
HIV, ESRD, DM, EtOH
Insidious onset
Delayed diagnosis
Nonspecific sx
Cough, low grade fever, night sweats, wt loss
Hepatospenomegaly
PPD (-) in 25-50%
Liver or bone marrow bx may establish dx
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Miliary or Tree in Bud?
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Miliary or Tree in Bud?
Random
Diffuse
Only nodules
Clusters
Areas of sparing
Jacks and Y’s
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Active or Inactive Disease?
Calcifications and fibrosis, even cavities are seenon CXR in both healed and active disease.
CXR is usually not helpful unless findings arestable.
“Tree in bud” nodules may be helpful.
Diagnosis still requires isolation from sputum orbronchial washings.
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82 year old Korean man with cough
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Cavity, bronchiectasis, fibrosis. Active disease?
Diagnosis
Positive culture
Standard cx 3-6 weeks
Newer system 2-3 weeks
DNA probe identifies TB inhours from culture specimen.
Clinical and radiologicalevidence of active disease
Acid fast organisms insputum or histologicspecimen
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TreatmentLatent Disease
+PPD, no signs of clinical disease.
Decision to treat depends on:
Age
Size of reaction
Recent contact?
Immune status
If  normal CXR, 6-9 mo INH.
If CXR shows old disease or immune compromised, 9 mo INH.
Follow up CXR usually only if sx develop.
<2% lifetime risk of active disease developing after Rx.
TreatmentActive Disease
First line therapy
INH, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide x 2 mo.
then INH, RIF x 4 mo.
Second line drugs
cycloserine, ethionamide, streptomycin, amikacin,capreomycin, p-amino salicylic acid, levofloxacin
Response: >80% cx-negative after 2 mo.
  risk of relapse: cavitary disease, (+) cx at 2 mo.
Extend therapy to 9 mo.
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The End